I-NAD+ ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-coenzyme, kwaye igama layo elipheleleyo yi-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Yi-coenzyme ebalulekileyo kumjikelo we-tricarboxylic acid. Ikhuthaza imetabolism yeswekile, amafutha, kunye nee-amino acids, ithatha inxaxheba ekuhlanganisweni kwamandla, kwaye ithatha inxaxheba kumawaka eempendulo kwiseli nganye. Inani elikhulu ledatha yovavanyo lubonisa ukuba i-NAD+ ibandakanyeka kakhulu kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo ye-physiological esisiseko kwi-organism, ngaloo ndlela ingenelela kwimisebenzi ephambili yeseli efana nemetabolism yamandla, ukulungiswa kwe-DNA, ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo, ukudumba, i-biological rhythms, kunye nokumelana noxinzelelo.
Ngokophando olufanelekileyo, inqanaba le-NAD+ emzimbeni womntu liya kwehla xa umntu ekhula. Ukwehla kwamanqanaba e-NAD+ kunokukhokelela ekuwohlokeni kwemithambo-luvo, ukulahleka kombono, ukutyeba kakhulu, ukwehla kokusebenza kwentliziyo kunye nokunye ukwehla kokusebenza. Ke ngoko, indlela yokunyusa inqanaba le-NAD+ emzimbeni womntu ibisoloko ingumbuzo. Umxholo wophando oshushu kuluntu lwezonyango.
Kuba, njengoko sikhula, i-DNA Umonakalo uyanda. Ngexesha lenkqubo yokulungisa i-DNA, imfuno ye-PARP1 iyanda, umsebenzi we-SIRT ulinganiselwe, ukusetyenziswa kwe-NAD+ kuyanda, kwaye ubungakanani be-NAD+ buyehla ngokwemvelo.
Umzimba wethu wenziwe ngeeseli ezimalunga ne-37 trillion. Iiseli kufuneka zenze "umsebenzi" omninzi okanye ii-cell reactions - ukuze zihlale zisebenza. Iseli nganye kwiiseli zakho ezingama-37 trillion ixhomekeke kwi-NAD+ ukuze yenze umsebenzi wayo oqhubekayo.
Njengoko uluntu lwehlabathi lukhula, izifo ezinxulumene nokwaluphala ezifana nesifo sika-Alzheimer, isifo sentliziyo, iingxaki zamalungu, ubuthongo, kunye neengxaki zentliziyo ziye zaba zizifo ezibalulekileyo ezisongela impilo yabantu.
I-NAD+ amanqanaba ehla ngokweminyaka, ngokusekelwe kwimilinganiselo evela kwiisampuli zolusu lomntu:
Iziphumo zokulinganisa zibonisa ukuba njengoko ubudala bukhula, i-NAD+ emzimbeni womntu iya kuncipha kancinci kancinci. Ngoko ke yintoni ebangela ukwehla kwe-NAD+?
Izizathu eziphambili zokwehla kwe-NAD+ zezi: ukwaluphala kunye nokwanda kwemfuno ye-NAD+, okubangela ukwehla kwamanqanaba e-NAD+ kwizicubu ezininzi, kubandakanya isibindi, izihlunu zamathambo, kunye nengqondo. Ngenxa yokuncipha, ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwe-mitochondrial, uxinzelelo lwe-oxidative kunye nokudumba kucingelwa ukuba kunegalelo kwiingxaki zempilo ezinxulumene nokwaluphala, okudala umjikelo ombi.
1. I-NAD+ isebenza njenge-coenzyme kwi-mitochondria ukukhuthaza ibhalansi ye-metabolic, i-NAD+ idlala indima esebenzayo kwiinkqubo ze-metabolic ezifana ne-glycolysis, umjikelo we-TCA (owaziwa ngokuba ngumjikelo we-Krebs okanye umjikelo we-citric acid) kwaye uthotho lwe-electron transport, yindlela iiseli ezifumana ngayo amandla. Ukwaluphala kunye nokutya okuneekhalori eziphezulu kunciphisa amanqanaba e-NAD+ emzimbeni.
Izifundo zibonise ukuba kwiimpuku ezindala, ukuthatha izongezo ze-NAD+ kunciphisa ukutyeba okunxulumene nokutya okanye nokukhula kunye nokuphucula amandla okuzilolonga. Ukongeza, izifundo zide zaguqula iziphumo zesifo seswekile kwiimpuku ezibhinqileyo, zibonisa amaqhinga amatsha okulwa nezifo ze-metabolic ezifana nokutyeba kakhulu.
I-NAD+ ibopha kwii-enzymes kwaye idlulise ii-electron phakathi kwee-molecules. Ii-electron zisisiseko samandla eseli. I-NAD+ isebenza kwiiseli njengokuphinda itshaje ibhetri. Xa ii-electron zigqityiwe, ibhetri iyafa. Kwiiseli, i-NAD+ inokukhuthaza ukudluliselwa kwee-electron kwaye inike amandla kwiiseli. Ngale ndlela, i-NAD+ inokunciphisa okanye yonyuse umsebenzi wee-enzyme, ikhuthaze ukubonakaliswa kwezakhi zofuzo kunye nokuhanjiswa kweseli.
I-NAD+ inceda ukulawula umonakalo we-DNA
Njengoko izinto eziphilayo zikhula, izinto ezimbi ezingqongileyo ezifana nemitha, ungcoliseko, kunye nokuphindaphinda kwe-DNA okungachanekanga zingonakalisa i-DNA. Le yenye yeengcamango zokwaluphala. Phantse zonke iiseli ziqulathe "umatshini weemolekyuli" wokulungisa lo monakalo.
Olu lungiso lufuna i-NAD+ kunye namandla, ngoko ke umonakalo omkhulu we-DNA udla izixhobo ezixabisekileyo zeseli. Umsebenzi we-PARP, iprotheyini ebalulekileyo yokulungisa i-DNA, uxhomekeke kwi-NAD+. Ukwaluphala okuqhelekileyo kubangela ukuba umonakalo we-DNA uqokelele emzimbeni, i-RARP iyanda, kwaye ngenxa yoko amanqanaba e-NAD+ ayancipha. Umonakalo we-Mitochondrial DNA nangaliphi na inyathelo uya kuyenza mandundu le nciphiso.
2. I-NAD+ ichaphazela umsebenzi weejini ezihlala ixesha elide iSirtuins kwaye ithintela ukwaluphala.
Iijini ezisandula ukufunyanwa ze-sirtuins ezihlala ixesha elide, ezaziwa ngokuba "ngabagcini bejini," zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekugcineni impilo yeseli. Ii-Sirtuins zintsapho yee-enzymes ezibandakanyekayo ekuphenduleni uxinzelelo lweseli kunye nokulungisa umonakalo. Zikwabandakanyeka ekukhutshweni kwe-insulin, inkqubo yokwaluphala, kunye neemeko zempilo ezinxulumene nokwaluphala ezifana nezifo ze-neurodegenerative kunye nesifo seswekile.
I-NAD+ yifutha enceda ii-sirtuins zigcine ukuthembeka kwe-genome kwaye zikhuthaze ukulungiswa kwe-DNA. Kanye njengokuba imoto ingenakuphila ngaphandle kwefutha, ii-Sirtuins zifuna i-NAD+ ukuze isebenze. Iziphumo ezivela kwizifundo zezilwanyana zibonisa ukuba ukonyuka kwamanqanaba e-NAD+ emzimbeni kuyenza isebenze iiproteni ze-sirtuin kwaye kwandisa ubomi kwimvubelo nakwiimpuku.
3. Umsebenzi wentliziyo
Ukunyusa amanqanaba e-NAD+ kukhusela intliziyo kwaye kuphucula ukusebenza kwentliziyo. Uxinzelelo lwegazi oluphezulu lunokubangela ukwandiswa kwentliziyo kunye nokuvaleka kwemithambo yegazi, okunokukhokelela kwistroke. Emva kokugcwalisa amanqanaba e-NAD+ entliziyweni ngokusebenzisa izongezo ze-NAD+, umonakalo entliziyweni obangelwa kukuphinda kuphume igazi uyathintelwa. Ezinye izifundo zibonise ukuba izongezo ze-NAD+ zikwakhusela iimpuku ekukhuleni kwentliziyo okungaqhelekanga.
4. Ukonakala kwemithambo-luvo
Kwiimpuku ezinesifo sika-Alzheimer, ukonyusa amanqanaba e-NAD+ kuphucula ukusebenza kwengqondo ngokunciphisa ukuqokelelana kweeproteni eziphazamisa unxibelelwano lobuchopho. Ukunyusa amanqanaba e-NAD+ kukwakhusela iiseli zobuchopho ekubeni zife xa kungekho gazi laneleyo eliya ebuchotsheni. I-NAD+ ibonakala inesithembiso esitsha sokukhusela ukuwohloka kwemithambo-luvo nokuphucula inkumbulo.
5. Inkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela
Njengoko sikhula, amajoni ethu omzimba ayawohloka kwaye sisengozini enkulu yokugula. Uphando lwakutshanje lubonisa ukuba amanqanaba e-NAD+ adlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni iimpendulo zomzimba kunye nokudumba kunye nokusinda kweeseli ngexesha lokwaluphala. Olu phononongo lubonisa amandla okunyanga e-NAD+ kwingxaki yokungasebenzi kakuhle komzimba.
6. Lawula imetabolism
Ukulwa nomonakalo we-oxidative
I-NAD+ inokunceda ukulibazisa ukuguga ngokuthintela ukusabela kokudumba, ukulawula i-homeostasis yomzimba ye-redox, ukukhusela iiseli ekonakaleni, nokugcina imisebenzi eqhelekileyo ye-metabolic.
7. Inceda ekucinezeleni iithumba
I-NAD+ inokuthintela kwaye inyange i-leukopenia ebangelwa yi-radiotherapy kunye ne-chemotherapy, iphucule ukunganyangeki kwamayeza okubangelwa kukusetyenziswa kwexesha elide kwee-antibodies ze-PD-1/PD-L1, kwaye iphucule ukusebenza kweeseli ze-T kunye namandla okubulala iithumba.
8. Ukuphucula ukusebenza kwe-ovarian
Inqanaba le-NAD+ kuma-ovari abasetyhini liyancipha ngendlela exhomekeke kwiminyaka. Ukwanda komxholo we-NAD+ kunokwenzaukuphucula umsebenzi we-mitochondrial ye-ovarian,ukunciphisa amanqanaba eentsholongwane zeoksijini ezisabelayo kwii-oocytes ezilupheleyo, kunye nokulibazisa ukuguga kwe-ovarian.
9. Phucula umgangatho wokulala
I-NAD+ inokuphucula ukungalingani kwesigqi se-circadian, iphucule umgangatho wokulala, kwaye ikhuthaze ukulala ngokulawula iwotshi yebhayoloji.
Izitho ezahlukeneyo zomzimba azikho ngokwazo. Unxibelelwano kunye nokusebenzisana phakathi kwazo kusondelelene kakhulu kunokuba sicinga. Izinto ezikhutshwa yiseli zinokuthuthwa ziye nakweyiphi na indawo emzimbeni ngephanyazo; ulwazi lwe-neurotransmitter ludluliselwa ngokukhawuleza njengombane. Ulusu lwethu, njengomqobo womzimba wonke, luphambili kwindawo yemfazwe kwaye lusengozini yokwenzakala ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Xa ezi zingozi zingenakulungiseka, iingxaki ezahlukeneyo ezifana nokwaluphala ziya kulandela.
Okokuqala, inkqubo yokwaluphala kwesikhumba ihamba nothotho lweenguqu kumanqanaba eeseli kunye neemolekyuli, ezinokudluliselwa kwezinye izicwili okanye amalungu omzimba ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.
Umzekelo, ukuphindaphindeka kweeseli ze-p16-positive (uphawu lokwaluphala) eluswini kunxulumene kakuhle neempawu zokwaluphala kweeseli zomzimba, oko kuthetha ukuba ubudala bebhayoloji besikhumba bunokuqikelela ukwaluphala komzimba ukuya kwinqanaba elithile. Ukongeza, olu phononongo lufumanise ukuba i-skin microbiota inokuqikelela ngokuchanekileyo ubudala bexesha, nto leyo eqinisekisa ngakumbi unxibelelwano olusondeleyo phakathi kolusu nokwaluphala kwenkqubo yomzimba.
Uncwadi lwangaphambili luxele ukuba inkqubo yokwaluphala phakathi kwamalungu ahlukeneyo emzimbeni ayihambelani, kwaye ulusu lusenokuba lilungu lokuqala ukubonisa iimpawu zokwaluphala. Ngokusekelwe kunxibelelwano olusondeleyo phakathi kokwaluphala kolusu namanye amalungu omzimba, abantu banesizathu sokukrokrela ngesibindi ukuba ukwaluphala kolusu kunokubangela ukwaluphala komzimba wonke.
Ukwaluphala kwesikhumba kunokuchaphazela ingqondo ngenkqubo ye-endocrine
Ukwaluphala kolusu kunokuchaphazela umzimba wonke nge-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Ulusu alungomqobo nje kuphela, lukwanomsebenzi we-neuroendocrine kwaye lunokuphendula kwizikhuthazo zokusingqongileyo kwaye lukhuphe iihomoni, ii-neuropeptides kunye nezinye izinto.
Umzekelo, ukukhanyiswa yi-ultraviolet kunokubangela ukuba iiseli zesikhumba zikhuphe iihomoni ezahlukeneyo kunye nezinto ezibangela ukuvuvukala, ezifana ne-cortisol kunye nee-cytokines. Ezi zinto zinokuvuselela inkqubo ye-HPA eluswini. Ukusebenza kwe-axis ye-HPA kubangela ukuba i-hypothalamus ikhuphe i-corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). Oku kuvuselela i-anterior pituitary gland ukuba ikhuphe i-adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), ekugqibeleni ekhuthaza ii-adrenal glands ukuba zikhuphe iihomoni zoxinzelelo ezifana ne-cortisol. I-Cortisol inokuchaphazela iindawo ezininzi zobuchopho, kubandakanya i-hippocampus. Ukuvezwa kwe-cortisol engapheliyo okanye egqithisileyo kunokuchaphazela kakubi ukusebenza kwe-neuronal kunye ne-plasticity kwi-hippocampus. Oku kuchaphazela ukusebenza kwe-hippocampus kunye nempendulo yoxinzelelo lobuchopho.
Olu nxibelelwano phakathi kwesikhumba nobuchopho lubonisa ukuba inkqubo yokwaluphala inokubangelwa zizinto ezingqongileyo, eziqala ngokubangela ukusabela kolusu zize emva koko zichaphazele ingqondo nge-HPA axis, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiingxaki zenkqubo yomzimba ezifana nokuwohloka kwengqondo kunye nomngcipheko ophezulu wesifo sentliziyo.
Iiseli zesikhumba ezikhula ngokukhawuleza zikhupha i-SASP kwaye zibangele ukudumba okubangela ukwaluphala kunye nezifo ezinxulumene nokwaluphala
Ukwaluphala kwesikhumba kunokuchaphazela umzimba wonke ngokukhuthaza ukudumba kunye nokukhula kwamasosha omzimba. Iiseli zesikhumba ezilupheleyo zikhupha into ebizwa ngokuba yi-"senescence-associated secretory phenotype" (SASP), equka iintlobo ngeentlobo zee-cytokines kunye ne-matrix metalloproteinases. I-SASP iyakwazi ukuguquguquka ngokwendalo. Ingamelana neendawo zangaphandle eziyingozi kwiiseli eziqhelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko imisebenzi yomzimba iyehla, ukukhutshwa okukhulu kwe-SASP kunokubangela ukudumba emzimbeni kwaye kubangele ukungasebenzi kakuhle kweeseli ezikufutshane, kubandakanya iiseli zomzimba kunye neeseli ze-endothelial. Le meko yokudumba ephantsi icingelwa ukuba ngumqhubi obalulekileyo wezifo ezininzi ezinxulumene nokwaluphala.
IiCoenzymes zithatha inxaxheba kwimetabolism yezinto ezibalulekileyo ezifana neswekile, amafutha, kunye neeproteni emzimbeni womntu, kwaye zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni imetabolism yezinto zomzimba kunye namandla kunye nokugcina imisebenzi eqhelekileyo yomzimba.I-NAD yeyona coenzyme ibalulekileyo emzimbeni womntu, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi coenzyme I. Ithatha inxaxheba kumawaka eempendulo ze-redox enzyme emzimbeni womntu. Yinto eyimfuneko kakhulu kwi-metabolism yeseli nganye. Inemisebenzi emininzi, imisebenzi ephambili yile:
1. Khuthaza ukuveliswa kwamandla endalo
I-NAD+ ivelisa i-ATP ngokuphefumla kweeseli, yongeza ngokuthe ngqo amandla eeseli kwaye iphucula ukusebenza kweeseli;
2. Ukulungisa iijini
I-NAD+ yeyona nto iphambili kwi-enzyme yokulungisa i-DNA i-PARP. Olu hlobo lwe-enzyme luthatha inxaxheba ekulungisweni kwe-DNA, lunceda ekulungiseni i-DNA kunye neeseli ezonakeleyo, lunciphisa amathuba okuguquka kweeseli, kwaye luthintele ukwenzeka komhlaza;
3. Sebenzisa zonke iiproteni ezihlala ixesha elide
I-NAD+ ingenza zonke iiproteni ezisi-7 zobomi obude zisebenze, ngoko ke i-NAD+ inempembelelo ebaluleke ngakumbi ekulweni nokwaluphala kunye nokwandisa ubomi;
4. Yomeleza inkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela
I-NAD+ yomeleza inkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela kwaye iphucula ukhuseleko lweseli ngokuchaphazela ngokukhethekileyo ukusinda kunye nokusebenza kweeseli ze-T ezilawulayo.
Okuphawulekayo kukuba, ukwaluphala kuhamba nokwehla okuqhubekekayo kwamanqanaba e-NAD+ kwizicwili nakwiiseli kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kuquka iimpuku kunye nabantu. Ukwehla kwamanqanaba e-NAD+ kunxulunyaniswa nezifo ezininzi ezinxulumene nokwaluphala, kuquka ukwehla kwengqondo, umhlaza, isifo se-metabolic, i-sarcopenia, kunye nobuthathaka.
Akukho kunikezelwa okungapheliyo kwe-NAD+ emizimbeni yethu. Umxholo kunye nomsebenzi we-NAD+ emzimbeni womntu uya kuncipha njengoko iminyaka ikhula, kwaye uya kuncipha ngokukhawuleza emva kweminyaka engama-30, nto leyo ekhokelela ekugugeni kweeseli, ukuphelelwa ngamandla okuhlaziya.
Ngaphezu koko, ukuncitshiswa kwe-NAD+ kuya kubangela uthotho lweengxaki zempilo, ngoko ke ukuba i-NAD+ ayinakufumaneka kwakhona ngexesha, iziphumo zingacingelwa.
Isongezelelo esisuka ekutyeni
Ukutya okufana nekhaphetshu, ibroccoli, iavokhado, isteak, amakhowa, kunye ne-edamame kuqulethe izinto ezizandulela i-NAD+, ezinokuguqulwa zibe yi-NAD* esebenzayo emzimbeni emva kokufunxwa.
Nciphisa ukutya kunye neekhalori
Ukuncitshiswa kweekhalori okuphakathi kunokuvula iindlela zokuvavanya amandla ngaphakathi kweeseli kwaye ngokunyusa ngokungathanga ngqo amanqanaba e-NAD*. Kodwa qiniseka ukuba utya ukutya okunesondlo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zesondlo somzimba wakho.
Qhubeka uhamba kwaye uzilolonga
Ukuzilolonga okuphakathi kwe-aerobic njengokubaleka nokudada kunokunyusa amanqanaba e-NAD+ ngaphakathi kweeseli, kuncede ekwandiseni ukunikezelwa kweoksijini emzimbeni kwaye kuphucule imetabolism yamandla.
Landela imikhwa yokulala esempilweni
Ngexesha lokulala, umzimba womntu wenza iinkqubo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo ze-metabolic kunye nokulungisa, kubandakanya ukwenziwa kwe-NAD*. Ukulala ngokwaneleyo kunceda ukugcina amanqanaba aqhelekileyo e-NAD*
05 Izinto ezongezelelweyo ze-NAD+ precursor
Abantu abalandelayo abanakufumana unyango
Abantu abangasebenzi kakuhle kwezintso, abo bakwi-dialysis, abanesifo sokuwa, abafazi abakhulelweyo, abafazi abancancisayo, abantwana, abo bakwinyango lomhlaza ngoku, abo basebenzisa amayeza, kunye nabo banembali ye-allergies, nceda udibane nogqirha wakho.
Q: Zisetyenziselwa ntoni izongezo ze-NAD+?
Isongezelelo se-NAD+ sisongezelelo sesondlo esongeza i-coenzyme NAD+ (i-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide). I-NAD+ idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwi-metabolism yamandla kunye nokulungiswa kweeseli ngaphakathi kweeseli.
Q: Ngaba izongezo ze-NAD+ ziyasebenza ngokwenene?
A: Olunye uphando lubonisa ukuba izongezo ze-NAD+ zinokunceda ukuphucula imetabolism yamandla eseli kunye nokucothisa inkqubo yokwaluphala.
Q: Zeziphi iindlela zokutya ze-NAD+?
A: Imithombo yokutya ye-NAD+ ibandakanya inyama, intlanzi, iimveliso zobisi, iimbotyi, amandongomane kunye nemifuno. Oku kutya kuqulethe i-niacinamide kunye ne-niacin engaphezulu, enokuguqulwa ibe yi-NAD+ emzimbeni.
Q: Ndingayikhetha njani isongezelelo se-NAD+?
A: Xa ukhetha izongezo ze-NAD+, kucetyiswa ukuba uqale ufune ingcebiso kugqirha okanye kwingcali yesondlo ukuze uqonde iimfuno zakho zesondlo kunye nemeko yakho yempilo. Ukongeza, khetha uphawu oluthembekileyo, jonga izithako zemveliso kunye nomlinganiselo, kwaye ulandele isikhokelo somlinganiselo okwiphepha lemveliso.
Isikhanyeli: Eli nqaku lenzelwe ulwazi oluqhelekileyo kuphela kwaye akufuneki lithathwe njengengcebiso yezonyango. Olunye ulwazi lweposi yebhlog luvela kwi-Intanethi kwaye alungobungcali. Le webhusayithi inoxanduva lokuhlela, ukufomatha kunye nokuhlela amanqaku kuphela. Injongo yokudlulisa ulwazi oluthe kratya ayithethi ukuba uyavumelana nezimvo zayo okanye uqinisekisa ubunyani bomxholo wayo. Soloko uqhagamshelana neengcali zezempilo ngaphambi kokusebenzisa naziphi na izongezo okanye ukwenza utshintsho kwindlela yakho yokhathalelo lwempilo.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Agasti-06-2024
