Zombini ii-ketones kunye ne-esters zimbini zamaqela abaluleke kakhulu asebenzayo kwi-organic chemistry.Zifumaneka kwiindidi ezininzi zezinto eziphilayo kwaye zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiinkqubo ezininzi zebhayoloji kunye neekhemikhali.Nangona zifana, iimpawu kunye nokuziphatha kwazo zahluke kakhulu.Makhe sihlolisise ukuba zeziphi iiketoni kunye nee-esters, ukuba zahluke njani, zifana njani, kwaye zithetha ukuthini kwi-chemistry kunye ne-biology.
I-Ketones yiklasi ye-organic compounds equkethe iqela elisebenzayo le-carbonyl (C = O) phakathi kwe-molecule.I-Ketones inamaqela amabini e-alkyl okanye i-aryl efakwe kwi-carbonyl carbon.Eyona nto ilula kakhulu yi-acetone, enefomula (CH3)2CO.Ziveliswa kukuqhekeka kwamafutha emzimbeni.Ikwabizwa ngokuba yimizimba yeketone, iiketoni ziikhemikhali eziveliswa xa umzimba wakho uqalisa ukophula amanqatha endaweni yeecarbohydrates zamandla.
I-Ketones zenziwe ngee-asidi ezinamafutha esibindi kwaye zikhutshelwe egazini, apho zinokuthi zisetyenziswe njengomthombo wamandla kwiiseli zomzimba kunye namalungu.Xa umzimba ukwi-ketosis, uthembele kwii-ketones njengomthombo wayo oyintloko we-fuel, kunokuba i-glucose, yingakho ukutya kwe-ketogenic kuye kwaziwa kakhulu kwiminyaka yamuva.Nangona kunjalo, i-ketones ayiveliswa kuphela ngexesha lokuzila ukutya okanye ukutya kwe-ketogenic.Zisenokwenziwa naxa umzimba uphantsi koxinezeleko, njengaxa usenza umthambo ngamandla, okanye xa kungekho insulin emzimbeni, nto leyo enokwenzeka kubantu abanesifo seswekile.
Iiketone ezintathu ziveliswa ngexesha le-ketosis: i-acetone, i-acetoacetate, kunye ne-beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB).Phakathi kwazo, i-acetone yi-ketone ekhutshwa emzimbeni ngokuphefumla, evelisa ivumba elimnandi okanye elimnandi emphefumlweni, elaziwa ngokuba yi "keto breath".Oku kunokuba luphawu lokuba umzimba wakho ungene kwi-ketosis.I-acetoacetate, enye i-ketone, iveliswa esibindini kwaye isetyenziswe ziiseli zomzimba ukuze zibe namandla.Nangona kunjalo, iphinda iguqulele kwi-BHB, uhlobo oluqhelekileyo lwe-ketone egazini ngexesha le-ketosis.I-BHB inokuwela ngokulula umqobo wegazi-ingqondo, ngaloo ndlela inika amandla ingqondo kwaye inokuphucula ukucaca kwengqondo kunye nokugxila.
I-Esters i-organic compounds kunye nokusebenza kwe-RCOOR, apho i-R kunye ne-R 'iliphi na iqela le-organic.I-Esters yenziwa xa i-carboxylic acid kunye ne-alcohols zisabela phantsi kweemeko ze-acidic kwaye ziphelise i-molecule yamanzi.Ngokuqhelekileyo zifumaneka kwiioli ezibalulekileyo kunye neziqhamo ezininzi.Ngokomzekelo, iphunga elimnandi kwiibhanana ezivuthiweyo livela kwi-ester ebizwa ngokuba yi-isoamyl acetate.I-Esters ineempawu ezizodwa ezenza ukuba zixabiseke kumashishini ahlukeneyo.
1. Iziqholo
Olunye lolona setyenziso luxhaphakileyo lwe-esters kukuvumba kunye neziqholo ngenxa yevumba lazo eliswiti, elineziqhamo kunye nelo elimnandi, kwaye zikwanceda ekuphuculeni ivumba elimnandi lemveliso, iyenza ithandeke ngakumbi kubasebenzisi.
2. Incasa yokutya
Ubume bekhemikhali obukhethekileyo be-esters buvumela ukuba banike amavumba eziqhamo kunye neentyatyambo, ngoko ke ii-esters zikwasetyenziswa kwishishini lokutya, ngakumbi kwincasa.Kuxhaphake kakhulu ekutyeni okuninzi okuquka i-confectionery, izinto ezibhakiweyo kunye neziselo.Ubomi bemihla ngemihla, ii-esters zisetyenzisiwe ekuveliseni i-flavour yokufakelwa kwaye ziye zaba izithako ezisisiseko kwizidlo ezininzi.
3. Iplastiki
Njengeplastiki, ii-esters zenza iiplastiki zibe bhetyebhetye kwaye zomelele.Ke ii-esters zisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kweeplastiki ezahlukeneyo, kwaye zikwanceda ukuthintela iiplastiki ukuba zingabi brittle ngokuhamba kwexesha.Oku kubalulekile kwiimveliso ezomeleleyo ezifana nezinto zemoto okanye izixhobo zonyango.
4. Isinyibilikisi
Kuba ii-esters zinokunyibilikisa izinto eziphilayo ezinje ngeoyile, iresin kunye namafutha.Ngoko ke, ii-esters ziluncedo kumashishini amaninzi njengezinyibilikisi zokunyibilikisa ezinye izinto.I-Esters i-solvents efanelekileyo, eyenza ibe luncedo ekuveliseni iipende, i-varnishes kunye ne-adhesives.
Ngokuthelekisa i-ketones kunye ne-esters, sinokufumanisa ukuba umahluko phakathi kwee-ketones kunye ne-esters ikakhulu kule miba ilandelayo:
1. Umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwee-ketones kunye ne-esters ikakhulu kwisakhiwo samachiza.Iqela le-carbonyl le-ketones liphakathi kwe-carbon chain, ngelixa iqela le-carbonyl le-esters lifumaneka ekupheleni kwe-carbon chain.Lo mahluko wesakhiwo ukhokelela kumahluko kwiimpawu zabo zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali.
●I-Ketones zikhompawundi eziphilayo ezineqela le-carbonyl elibandakanya i-athomu ye-oksijini edityaniswe kabini kwi-athomu ye-carbon ephakathi kwekhonkco lekhabhoni.Indlela yabo yeekhemikhali yi-R-CO-R ', apho i-R kunye ne-R' ziyi-alkyl okanye i-aryl.Ii-ketones zenziwe nge-oxidation yee-alcohol zesibini okanye ukucocwa kwe-carboxylic acids.Kwakhona bafumana i-keto-enol tautomerism, oku kuthetha ukuba banokubakho kuzo zombini iifom ze-ketone kunye ne-enol.I-Ketones isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwimveliso ye-solvents, izinto ze-polymer kunye namayeza.
●I-Esters yi-organic compounds eneqela le-carbonyl ekupheleni kwekhonkco lekhabhoni kunye neqela le-R elifakwe kwi-athomu ye-oxygen.Indlela yabo yeekhemikhali yi-R-COOR ', apho i-R kunye ne-R' ziyi-alkyl okanye i-aryl.I-Esters yenziwa ngokusabela kwe-carboxylic acids kunye ne-alcohols phambi kwe-catalyst.Zinevumba elimnandi kwaye zisoloko zisetyenziswa xa kusenziwa iziqholo, iziqholo kunye neplastikhi.
2.Umahluko obonakalayo phakathi kwee-ketones kunye ne-esters yindawo yabo yokubilisa.Indawo yokubilisa yee-ketones iphezulu kune-esters kuba inamandla e-intermolecular force.Iqela le-carbonyl kwi-ketone linokwenza i-hydrogen bond kunye ne-molecule ye-ketone ekufutshane, okukhokelela kumandla anamandla e-intermolecular.Ngokwahlukileyo, i-esters ine-intermolecular forces ebuthakathaka ngenxa yokungakwazi kwee-athomu ze-oksijini kwiqela le-R ukwenza iibhondi ze-hydrogen kunye neemolekyuli ze-ester ezikufutshane.
3.Ukongezelela, ukusebenza kwakhona kwee-ketones kunye ne-esters kuyahluka.Ngenxa yobukho bamaqela amabini e-alkyl okanye e-aryl ngapha nangapha kweqela le-carbonyl, ii-ketones zisebenza ngakumbi kune-esters.La maqela anganikela ngee-electron kwi-carbonyl, okwenza kube lula ukuhlaselwa kwe-nucleophilic.Ngokwahlukileyo, i-esters ayisebenzi kangako ngenxa yobukho be-alkyl okanye iqela le-aryl kwi-athomu ye-oxygen.Eli qela linganikela ngee-electron kwi-athomu ye-oksijini, okwenza kube lula ukuhlaselwa kwe-nucleophilic.
4. Ngenxa yezakhiwo ezahlukeneyo, amanqaku abilayo kunye nokuphinda kusebenze i-ketones kunye ne-esters, ukungafani kokusetyenziswa kwazo kunqunywe.I-Ketones isoloko isetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwee-solvents, izinto ze-polymer kunye neziyobisi, ngelixa i-esters isetyenziswa rhoqo ekuveliseni iziqhumiso, i-flavour kunye ne-plasticizers.Ii-ketones zikwasetyenziswa njengezongezo zamafutha kwipetroli, ngelixa ii-esters zisetyenziswa njengezithambisi koomatshini.
Sele sizazi iinkcukacha ze-ketones kunye ne-esters, ngoko yintoni umehluko phakathi kweetoni, i-esters kunye ne-ether?
Okokuqala, kufuneka sazi ukuba yintoni i-ether?I-ether ineathom yeoksijini edityaniswe kwiiathom zekhabhoni ezimbini.Ziyikhompawundi eyaziwa ngeempawu zayo ze-narcotic.I-ether ihlala ingenambala, ixinene ngakumbi kunamanzi, kwaye zizinyibilikisi ezilungileyo zezinye iikhompawundi ze-organic ezifana namafutha kunye namafutha.Zikwasetyenziswa njengezongezo zepetroli kwiinjini zepetroli ukuphucula ukusebenza kweenjini.
Emva kokuqonda izakhiwo zeekhemikhali kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezi zintathu, sinokwazi ngokucacileyo ukuba umahluko phakathi kwee-ketones, i-esters kunye ne-ether ziquka le mibini ilandelayo:
1. Olunye ulwahlulo oluphawulekayo esinokulufumana phakathi kwee-ketones, i-esters, kunye ne-ether ngamaqela abo asebenzayo.I-Ketones iqulethe amaqela e-carbonyl, i-esters iqulethe i-ester-COO- linkages, kwaye i-ether ayinayo nawaphi na amaqela asebenzayo.I-Ketones kunye ne-esters zabelana ngokufana okufanayo kwiipropati zeekhemikhali.Zombini iikhompawundi zi-polar kwaye zinokwenza i-hydrogen bonds kunye nezinye ii-molecule, kodwa iibhondi ze-hydrogen kwii-ketone zinamandla kunezo zi-esters, ezikhokelela kwindawo ephezulu yokubilisa.
2.Omnye umahluko obalulekileyo kukuba ezi zintathu zineendlela ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa
(1)Olunye lolona setyenziso luqhelekileyo lwee-ketones lufana ne-solvent ye-resin, i-wax, kunye ne-oyile.Zikwasetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kweekhemikhali ezintle, amayeza kunye neekhemikhali zezolimo.Ii-ketones ezifana ne-acetone zisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kweeplastiki, iifayibha kunye neepeyinti.
(2)Ii-esters ziqhele ukusetyenziswa kumashishini okutya kunye nezithambiso ngenxa yevumba elimnandi kunye nencasa yazo.Zikwasetyenziswa njengezinto zokunyibilikisa ii-inki, ivanishi kunye neepolima.Ii-Esters zikwasetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwee-resin, i-plasticizers kunye ne-surfactants.
(3)I-ether inoluhlu olubanzi lokusetyenziswa ngenxa yeempawu zabo ezizodwa.Zisetyenziswa njengezinyibilikisi, i-anesthetics kunye ne-surfactants, phakathi kwabanye.Kwishishini lezolimo, zisetyenziswa njenge-fumigants ukukhusela izityalo ezigciniweyo kwizinambuzane kunye nezifo zefungal.I-ether iphinda isetyenziswe kwimveliso ye-epoxy resins, i-adhesives kunye ne-cladding materials.
I-Ketones kunye ne-esters zinezicelo ezixhaphakileyo kwi-organic chemistry kwaye zibhloko zokwakha iinkqubo ezininzi zoshishino.Ngokomzekelo, ii-ketones zisetyenziswa njenge-solvents, kwimveliso yamayeza kunye neepolymers.I-Esters, kwelinye icala, isetyenziswa kwishishini le-perfume kunye ne-cosmetic, njengeejenti zezinongo kwishishini lokutya, njengezinyibilikisi, kunye neepeyinti kunye neengubo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jun-14-2023
