Zombini ii-ketones kunye nee-esters zezona qela zibalulekileyo kwi-organic chemistry. Zifumaneka kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zeekhompawundi ze-organic kwaye zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiinkqubo ezininzi zebhayoloji kunye neekhemikhali. Nangona zifana, iimpawu kunye nokuziphatha kwazo zahlukile kakhulu. Makhe sihlolisise ukuba ziyintoni ii-ketones kunye nee-esters, zahluke njani, zifana njani, kwaye zithetha ukuthini kwi-chemistry nakwi-biology.
IiKetones ludidi lweekhompawundi ze-organic eziqulathe iqela le-carbonyl functional (C=O) embindini wemolekyuli. IiKetones zinamaqela amabini e-alkyl okanye e-aryl anamathele kwi-carbonyl carbon. Eyona ilula kwezi yi-acetone, enefomyula (CH3)2CO. Zenziwa kukuqhekeka kwamafutha emzimbeni. Ezaziwa ngokuba zii-ketone bodies, iiketones ziikhemikhali eziveliswa xa umzimba wakho uqala ukuqhekeza amafutha endaweni yee-carbohydrates ukuze ufumane amandla.
IiKetones zenziwa ngamanqatha esibindini kwaye zikhutshwe ziye egazini, apho zingasetyenziswa njengomthombo wamandla kwiiseli zomzimba kunye namalungu omzimba. Xa umzimba ukwi-ketosis, uxhomekeke kwiiketones njengomthombo wawo oyintloko wamandla, endaweni yeglucose, yiyo loo nto ukutya kwe-ketogenic kuye kwathandwa kakhulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Nangona kunjalo, iiketones aziveli kuphela ngexesha lokuzila ukutya okanye ukutya kwe-ketogenic. Zinokuveliswa xa umzimba uphantsi koxinzelelo, njengaxa uzilolonga kakhulu, okanye xa kukho ukunqongophala kwe-insulin emzimbeni, okunokwenzeka kubantu abanesifo seswekile.
Ii-ketone ezintathu ziveliswa ngexesha le-ketosis: i-acetone, i-acetoacetate, kunye ne-beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB). Phakathi kwazo, i-acetone yi-ketone ekhutshwa emzimbeni ngokuphefumla, evelisa ivumba elimnandi okanye elifana neziqhamo kumoya, elaziwa ngokuba yi-"keto breath". Oku kungaba luphawu lokuba umzimba wakho ungene kwimeko ye-ketosis. I-Acetoacetate, enye i-ketone, iveliswa esibindini kwaye isetyenziswa ziiseli zomzimba ukuze ifumane amandla. Nangona kunjalo, ikwaguqukela kwi-BHB, uhlobo oluqhelekileyo lwe-ketone egazini ngexesha le-ketosis. I-BHB inokunqumla ngokulula umqobo wegazi-ubuchopho, ngaloo ndlela inike amandla ingqondo kwaye inokuphucula ukucaca kwengqondo kunye nokugxila.
Ii-Esters zizinto eziphilayo ezinomsebenzi we-RCOOR, apho i-R kunye ne-R' ziliqela le-organic. Ii-Esters zenziwa xa ii-carboxylic acids kunye nee-alcohols zisabela phantsi kweemeko ze-asidi kwaye zisusa imolekyuli yamanzi. Zifumaneka rhoqo kwiioyile ezibalulekileyo nakwiziqhamo ezininzi. Umzekelo, ivumba elikwiibhanana ezivuthiweyo livela kwi-ester ebizwa ngokuba yi-isoamyl acetate. Ii-Esters zineempawu ezikhethekileyo ezenza zibe luncedo kumashishini ahlukeneyo.
1. Iziqholo
Enye yezona ndlela zixhaphakileyo zokusetyenziswa kwee-esters kukwiziqholo kunye neziqholo ngenxa yevumba lazo elimnandi, elinuka kamnandi nelimnandi, kwaye zikwanceda ekuphuculeni ivumba lemveliso iyonke, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe nomtsalane ngakumbi kubasebenzisi.
2. Incasa yokutya
Ulwakhiwo olukhethekileyo lweekhemikhali zee-esters luvumela ukuba zikhuphe ivumba leziqhamo kunye neentyatyambo, ngoko ke ii-esters zikwasetyenziswa kwishishini lokutya, ingakumbi kwiincasa. Ziqhelekile kakhulu kukutya okuninzi kuquka ii-confectionery, izinto ezibhakiweyo kunye neziselo. Kubomi bemihla ngemihla, ii-esters zisetyenzisiwe ekuveliseni iincasa zokwenziwa kwaye zibe zizithako ezisisiseko kukutya okuninzi.
3. Iplastiki
Njengezinto zokufaka iiplastiki, ii-esters zenza iiplastiki zibe bhetyebhetye kwaye zihlale ixesha elide. Ngoko ke ii-esters zisetyenziswa ekuveliseni iiplastiki ezahlukeneyo, kwaye zikwanceda ekuthinteleni ukuba iiplastiki zingabi buthathaka ngokuhamba kwexesha. Oku kubalulekile kwiimveliso ezihlala ixesha elide ezifana nezixhobo zeemoto okanye izixhobo zonyango.
4. Isinyibilikisi
Kuba ii-esters zinokunyibilikisa izinto eziphilayo ezifana neeoyile, ii-resins kunye namafutha. Ngenxa yoko, ii-esters ziluncedo kumashishini amaninzi njengezinyibilikisi zokunyibilikisa ezinye izinto. Ii-esters zizinto ezilungileyo zokunyibilikisa, nto leyo ezenza zibe luncedo ekuveliseni iipeyinti, iivarnish kunye nezincamathelisi.
Ngokuthelekisa ii-ketones kunye nee-esters, singafumanisa ukuba umahluko phakathi kwee-ketones kunye nee-esters uphezulu kwezi zinto zilandelayo:
1. Umahluko ophambili phakathi kwee-ketones kunye nee-esters ubukhulu becala ukwimo yeekhemikhali. Iqela le-carbonyl yee-ketones likwindawo ephakathi kwe-carbon chain, ngelixa iqela le-carbonyl yee-esters likwindawo yokugqibela ye-carbon chain. Lo mahluko kwisakhiwo ukhokelela kumahluko kwimpawu zawo zomzimba nezekhemikhali.
●IiKetones ziikhompawundi ze-organic ezineqela le-carbonyl eliqulathe i-atom yeoksijini edibeneyo kabini kwi-atom yekhabhoni ephakathi kwekhonkco lekhabhoni. Ifomyula yazo yekhemikhali yi-R-CO-R', apho u-R kunye no-R' ziyi-alkyl okanye i-aryl. IiKetones zenziwa yi-oxidation ye-alcohols yesibini okanye ukuqhekeka kwe-carboxylic acids. Zikwafumana i-keto-enol tautomerism, oko kuthetha ukuba zinokubakho zombini iifom ze-ketone kunye ne-enol. IiKetones zihlala zisetyenziswa kwimveliso yezinyibilikisi, izinto zepolymer kunye namayeza.
●Ii-Esters ziikhompawundi ze-organic ezineqela le-carbonyl ekupheleni kwekhonkco le-carbon kunye neqela le-R eliqhotyoshelwe kwi-athomu ye-oxygen. Ifomyula yazo yekhemikhali yi-R-COOR', apho i-R kunye ne-R' ziyi-alkyl okanye i-aryl. Ii-Esters zenziwa yi-reaction ye-carboxylic acids kunye ne-alcohols xa kukho i-catalyst. Zinevumba elimnandi leziqhamo kwaye zihlala zisetyenziswa ekuveliseni iziqholo, ii-essence kunye ne-plasticizers.
2.Umahluko ocacileyo phakathi kwee-ketones kunye nee-esters yindawo yazo yokubila. Indawo yokubila yee-ketones iphezulu kuneyee-esters kuba zinamandla amakhulu phakathi kweemolekyuli. Iqela le-carbonyl kwi-ketone linokwenza iibhondi ze-hydrogen kunye neemolekyuli ze-ketone ezikufutshane, nto leyo ebangela amandla amakhulu phakathi kweemolekyuli. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ii-esters zinamandla abuthathaka phakathi kweemolekyuli ngenxa yokungakwazi kwee-athomu ze-oxygen kwiqela le-R ukwenza iibhondi ze-hydrogen kunye neemolekyuli ze-ester ezikufutshane.
3.Ukongeza, indlela esebenza ngayo i-ketones kunye nee-esters yahlukile. Ngenxa yokubakho kwamaqela amabini e-alkyl okanye e-aryl kumacala omabini eqela le-carbonyl, ii-ketones zisabela ngakumbi kunee-esters. La maqela anokunikela ngee-electron kwi-carbonyl, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe sesichengeni sokuhlaselwa yi-nucleophilic. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ii-esters azisabela kangako ngenxa yokubakho kweqela le-alkyl okanye le-aryl kwi-atom yeoksijini. Eli qela linokunikela ngee-electron kwi-atom yeoksijini, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ingabi sesichengeni sokuhlaselwa yi-nucleophilic.
4. Ngenxa yezakhiwo ezahlukeneyo, iindawo zokubila kunye nokusebenza kwee-ketones kunye nee-esters, umahluko ekusetyenzisweni kwazo uyamiselwa. Ii-ketones zihlala zisetyenziswa ekuveliseni izinyibilikisi, izinto ze-polymer kunye namayeza, ngelixa ii-esters zihlala zisetyenziswa ekuveliseni iziqholo, iincasa kunye neeplastiki. Ii-ketones zikwasetyenziswa njengezongezo zepetroli kwipetroli, ngelixa ii-esters zisetyenziswa njengezinto zokuthambisa kumatshini.
Sele sizazi iinkcukacha zeeketones kunye neeesters, ngoko ke yintoni umahluko phakathi kweeketones, iiesters kunye ne-ether?
Okokuqala, kufuneka sazi ukuba yintoni i-ether? i-ether ine-athomu yeoksijini edibene neeathom ezimbini zekhabhoni. Ziyikhompawundi eyaziwa ngeempawu zayo ze-narcotic. i-ether idla ngokungabi nambala, incinci kakhulu kunamanzi, kwaye zizinyibilikisi ezilungileyo kwezinye iikhompawundi ze-organic ezifana neeoyile namafutha. Zikwasetyenziswa njengezongezo zepetroli kwiinjini zepetroli ukuphucula ukusebenza kweenjini.
Emva kokuqonda ulwakhiwo lweekhemikhali kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezi zinto zintathu, singazi ngokucacileyo ukuba umahluko phakathi kwee-ketones, ii-esters kunye ne-ether ubandakanya ezi zinto zimbini zilandelayo:
1. Omnye weyona mahluko iphawulekayo esinokuyifumana phakathi kwee-ketones, ii-esters, kunye ne-ether ngamaqela azo asebenzayo. Ii-ketones ziqulathe amaqela e-carbonyl, ii-esters ziqulathe ii-ester-COO- linkages, kwaye ii-ether aziqulathi namaqela asebenzayo. Ii-ketones kunye nee-esters zabelana ngokufana kwiipropati zeekhemikhali. Zombini ii-compounds ziyi-polar kwaye zinokwenza ii-hydrogen bonds nezinye ii-molecules, kodwa ii-hydrogen bonds kwi-ketones zinamandla kunezo zikwi-esters, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kubekho iqondo lokubila eliphezulu.
2.Omnye umahluko obalulekileyo kukuba ezi zintathu zineendlela ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa
(1)Enye yezona ndlela zixhaphakileyo zokusetyenziswa kwee-ketones kukwenza i-resin, ii-waxes, kunye neeoyile. Zikwasetyenziswa ekuveliseni iikhemikhali ezintle, amayeza kunye neekhemikhali zezolimo. Ii-ketones ezifana ne-acetone zisetyenziswa ekuveliseni iiplastiki, iifayibha kunye neepeyinti.
(2)Ii-Esters zisetyenziswa kakhulu kumashishini okutya kunye nezokuhombisa ngenxa yevumba lazo elimnandi kunye nencasa. Zikwasetyenziswa njengezinyibilikisi zee-inki, ii-varnish kunye nee-polymers. Ii-Esters zikwasetyenziswa ekuveliseni ii-resins, ii-plasticizers kunye nee-surfactants.
(3)I-ether ineendlela ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa ngenxa yeempawu zayo ezikhethekileyo. Zisetyenziswa njengezinyibilikisi, izithomalalisi zobuhlungu kunye nezinyibilikisi, phakathi kwezinye. Kwishishini lezolimo, zisetyenziswa njengezinto zokufumisa ukukhusela izityalo ezigciniweyo kwizinambuzane kunye nosulelo lwefungus. I-ether ikwasetyenziswa ekuveliseni ii-epoxy resins, izincamathelisi kunye nezinto zokugquma.
IiKetones kunye neeesters zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-organic chemistry kwaye zakha iinkqubo ezininzi zoshishino. Umzekelo, iiketones zisetyenziswa njengezinyibilikisi, kwimveliso yamayeza kunye neepolymers. Kwelinye icala, iiEsters zisetyenziswa kwishishini leziqholo kunye nezimonyo, njengeearhente zokunambitha kwishishini lokutya, njengezinyibilikisi, nakwiipeyinti kunye neengubo.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Juni-14-2023
