Zombini ii-ketones kunye ne-esters zimbini zamaqela abaluleke kakhulu asebenzayo kwi-organic chemistry. Zifumaneka kwiindidi ezininzi zezinto eziphilayo kwaye zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiinkqubo ezininzi zebhayoloji kunye neekhemikhali. Nangona zifana, iimpawu kunye nokuziphatha kwazo zahluke kakhulu. Makhe sihlolisise ukuba zeziphi iiketoni kunye nee-esters, ukuba zahluke njani, zifana njani, kwaye zithetha ukuthini kwi-chemistry kunye ne-biology.
I-Ketones yiklasi ye-organic compounds equkethe iqela elisebenzayo le-carbonyl (C = O) phakathi kwe-molecule. I-Ketones inamaqela amabini e-alkyl okanye i-aryl efakwe kwi-carbonyl carbon. Eyona nto ilula kakhulu yi-acetone, enefomula (CH3)2CO. Ziveliswa kukuqhekeka kwamafutha emzimbeni. Ikwabizwa ngokuba yimizimba yeketone, iiketoni ziikhemikhali eziveliswa xa umzimba wakho uqalisa ukophula amanqatha endaweni yeecarbohydrates zamandla.
I-Ketones zenziwe ngee-asidi ezinamafutha esibindi kwaye zikhutshelwe egazini, apho zinokuthi zisetyenziswe njengomthombo wamandla kwiiseli zomzimba kunye namalungu. Xa umzimba ukwi-ketosis, uthembele kwii-ketones njengomthombo wayo oyintloko we-fuel, kunokuba i-glucose, yingakho ukutya kwe-ketogenic kuye kwaziwa kakhulu kwiminyaka yamuva. Nangona kunjalo, i-ketones ayiveliswa kuphela ngexesha lokuzila ukutya okanye ukutya kwe-ketogenic. Zisenokwenziwa naxa umzimba uphantsi koxinezeleko, njengaxa usenza umthambo ngamandla, okanye xa kungekho insulin emzimbeni, nto leyo enokwenzeka kubantu abanesifo seswekile.
Iiketone ezintathu ziveliswa ngexesha le-ketosis: i-acetone, i-acetoacetate, kunye ne-beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB). Phakathi kwazo, i-acetone yi-ketone ekhutshwa emzimbeni ngokuphefumla, evelisa ivumba elimnandi okanye elimnandi emphefumlweni, elaziwa ngokuba yi "keto breath". Oku kunokuba luphawu lokuba umzimba wakho ungene kwi-ketosis. I-acetoacetate, enye i-ketone, iveliswa esibindini kwaye isetyenziswe ziiseli zomzimba ukuze zibe namandla. Nangona kunjalo, iphinda iguqulele kwi-BHB, uhlobo oluqhelekileyo lwe-ketone egazini ngexesha le-ketosis. I-BHB inokuwela ngokulula umqobo wegazi-ingqondo, ngaloo ndlela inika amandla ingqondo kwaye inokuphucula ukucaca kwengqondo kunye nokugxila.
I-Esters i-organic compounds kunye nokusebenza kwe-RCOOR, apho i-R kunye ne-R 'iliphi na iqela le-organic. I-Esters yenziwa xa i-carboxylic acid kunye ne-alcohols zisabela phantsi kweemeko ze-acidic kwaye ziphelise i-molecule yamanzi. Ngokuqhelekileyo zifumaneka kwiioli ezibalulekileyo kunye neziqhamo ezininzi. Ngokomzekelo, iphunga elimnandi kwiibhanana ezivuthiweyo livela kwi-ester ebizwa ngokuba yi-isoamyl acetate.I-Esters ineempawu ezizodwa ezenza ukuba zixabiseke kumashishini ahlukeneyo.
1. Iziqholo
Olunye lolona setyenziso luxhaphakileyo lwe-esters kukuvumba kunye neziqholo ngenxa yevumba lazo eliswiti, elineziqhamo kunye nelo elimnandi, kwaye zikwanceda ekuphuculeni ivumba elimnandi lemveliso, iyenza ithandeke ngakumbi kubasebenzisi.
2. Incasa yokutya
Ubume bekhemikhali obukhethekileyo be-esters buvumela ukuba banike amavumba eziqhamo kunye neentyatyambo, ngoko ke ii-esters zikwasetyenziswa kwishishini lokutya, ngakumbi kwincasa. Kuxhaphake kakhulu ekutyeni okuninzi okuquka i-confectionery, izinto ezibhakiweyo kunye neziselo. Ubomi bemihla ngemihla, ii-esters zisetyenzisiwe ekuveliseni i-flavour yokufakelwa kwaye ziye zaba izithako ezisisiseko kwizidlo ezininzi.
3. Iplastiki
Njengeplastiki, ii-esters zenza iiplastiki zibe bhetyebhetye kwaye zomelele. Ke ii-esters zisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kweeplastiki ezahlukeneyo, kwaye zikwanceda ukuthintela iiplastiki ukuba zingabi brittle ngokuhamba kwexesha. Oku kubalulekile kwiimveliso ezomeleleyo ezifana nezinto zemoto okanye izixhobo zonyango.
4. Isinyibilikisi
Kuba ii-esters zinokunyibilikisa izinto eziphilayo ezinje ngeoyile, iresin kunye namafutha. Ngoko ke, ii-esters ziluncedo kumashishini amaninzi njengezinyibilikisi zokunyibilikisa ezinye izinto. I-Esters i-solvents efanelekileyo, eyenza ibe luncedo ekuveliseni iipende, i-varnishes kunye ne-adhesives.
Ngokuthelekisa i-ketones kunye ne-esters, sinokufumanisa ukuba umahluko phakathi kwee-ketones kunye ne-esters ikakhulu kule miba ilandelayo:
1. Umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwee-ketones kunye ne-esters ikakhulu kwisakhiwo samachiza. Iqela le-carbonyl le-ketones liphakathi kwe-carbon chain, ngelixa iqela le-carbonyl le-esters lifumaneka ekupheleni kwe-carbon chain. Lo mahluko wesakhiwo ukhokelela kumahluko kwiimpawu zabo zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali.
●I-Ketones zikhompawundi eziphilayo ezineqela le-carbonyl elibandakanya i-athomu ye-oksijini edityaniswe kabini kwi-athomu ye-carbon ephakathi kwekhonkco lekhabhoni. Indlela yabo yeekhemikhali yi-R-CO-R ', apho i-R kunye ne-R' ziyi-alkyl okanye i-aryl. Ii-ketones zenziwe nge-oxidation yee-alcohol zesibini okanye ukucocwa kwe-carboxylic acids. Kwakhona bafumana i-keto-enol tautomerism, oku kuthetha ukuba banokubakho kuzo zombini iifom ze-ketone kunye ne-enol. I-Ketones isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwimveliso ye-solvents, izinto ze-polymer kunye namayeza.
●I-Esters yi-organic compounds eneqela le-carbonyl ekupheleni kwekhonkco lekhabhoni kunye neqela le-R elifakwe kwi-athomu ye-oxygen. Indlela yabo yeekhemikhali yi-R-COOR ', apho i-R kunye ne-R' ziyi-alkyl okanye i-aryl. I-Esters yenziwa ngokusabela kwe-carboxylic acids kunye ne-alcohols phambi kwe-catalyst. Zinevumba elimnandi kwaye zisoloko zisetyenziswa xa kusenziwa iziqholo, iziqholo kunye neplastikhi.
2.Umahluko obonakalayo phakathi kwee-ketones kunye ne-esters yindawo yabo yokubilisa. Indawo yokubilisa yee-ketones iphezulu kune-esters kuba inamandla e-intermolecular force. Iqela le-carbonyl kwi-ketone linokwenza i-hydrogen bond kunye ne-molecule ye-ketone ekufutshane, okukhokelela kumandla anamandla e-intermolecular. Ngokwahlukileyo, i-esters ine-intermolecular forces ebuthakathaka ngenxa yokungakwazi kwee-athomu ze-oksijini kwiqela le-R ukwenza iibhondi ze-hydrogen kunye neemolekyuli ze-ester ezikufutshane.
3.Ukongeza, ukusebenza kwakhona kwee-ketones kunye ne-esters kuyahluka. Ngenxa yobukho bamaqela amabini e-alkyl okanye e-aryl ngapha nangapha kweqela le-carbonyl, ii-ketones zisebenza ngakumbi kune-esters. La maqela anganikela ngee-electron kwi-carbonyl, okwenza kube lula ukuhlaselwa kwe-nucleophilic. Ngokwahlukileyo, i-esters ayisebenzi kangako ngenxa yobukho be-alkyl okanye iqela le-aryl kwi-athomu ye-oxygen. Eli qela linganikela ngee-electron kwi-athomu ye-oksijini, okwenza kube lula ukuhlaselwa kwe-nucleophilic.
4. Ngenxa yezakhiwo ezahlukeneyo, amanqaku abilayo kunye nokuphinda kusebenze i-ketones kunye ne-esters, ukungafani kokusetyenziswa kwazo kunqunywe. I-Ketones isoloko isetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwee-solvents, izinto ze-polymer kunye neziyobisi, ngelixa i-esters isetyenziswa rhoqo ekuveliseni iziqhumiso, i-flavour kunye ne-plasticizers. Ii-ketones zikwasetyenziswa njengezongezo zamafutha kwipetroli, ngelixa ii-esters zisetyenziswa njengezithambisi koomatshini.
Sele sizazi iinkcukacha ze-ketones kunye ne-esters, ngoko yintoni umehluko phakathi kweetoni, i-esters kunye ne-ether?
Okokuqala, kufuneka sazi ukuba yintoni i-ether? I-ether ineathom yeoksijini edityaniswe kwiiathom zekhabhoni ezimbini. Ziyikhompawundi eyaziwa ngeempawu zayo ze-narcotic. I-ether ihlala ayinambala, ixinene ngakumbi kunamanzi, kwaye zizinyibilikisi ezilungileyo zezinye iikhompawundi ze-organic ezifana namafutha kunye namafutha. Zikwasetyenziswa njengezongezo zepetroli kwiinjini zepetroli ukuphucula ukusebenza kweenjini.
Emva kokuqonda izakhiwo zeekhemikhali kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezi zintathu, sinokwazi ngokucacileyo ukuba umahluko phakathi kwee-ketones, i-esters kunye ne-ether ziquka le mibini ilandelayo:
1. Olunye ulwahlulo oluphawulekayo esinokulufumana phakathi kwee-ketones, i-esters, kunye ne-ether ngamaqela abo asebenzayo. I-Ketones iqulethe amaqela e-carbonyl, i-esters iqulethe i-ester-COO- linkages, kwaye i-ether ayinayo nawaphi na amaqela asebenzayo. I-Ketones kunye ne-esters zabelana ngokufana okufanayo kwiipropati zeekhemikhali. Zombini iikhompawundi zi-polar kwaye zinokwenza i-hydrogen bonds kunye nezinye ii-molecule, kodwa iibhondi ze-hydrogen kwii-ketone zinamandla kunezo zi-esters, ezikhokelela kwindawo ephezulu yokubilisa.
2.Omnye umahluko obalulekileyo kukuba ezi zintathu zineendlela ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa
(1)Olunye lolona setyenziso luqhelekileyo lwee-ketones lufana ne-solvent ye-resin, i-wax, kunye ne-oyile. Zikwasetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kweekhemikhali ezintle, amayeza kunye neekhemikhali zezolimo. Ii-ketones ezifana ne-acetone zisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kweeplastiki, iifayibha kunye neepeyinti.
(2)Ii-esters ziqhele ukusetyenziswa kumashishini okutya kunye nezithambiso ngenxa yevumba elimnandi kunye nencasa yazo. Zikwasetyenziswa njengezinto zokunyibilikisa ii-inki, ivanishi kunye neepolima. Ii-Esters zikwasetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwee-resin, i-plasticizers kunye ne-surfactants.
(3)I-ether inoluhlu olubanzi lokusetyenziswa ngenxa yeempawu zabo ezizodwa. Zisetyenziswa njengezinyibilikisi, i-anesthetics kunye ne-surfactants, phakathi kwabanye. Kwishishini lezolimo, zisetyenziswa njenge-fumigants ukukhusela izityalo ezigciniweyo kwizinambuzane kunye nezifo zefungal. I-ether iphinda isetyenziswe kwimveliso ye-epoxy resins, i-adhesives kunye ne-cladding materials.
I-Ketones kunye ne-esters zinezicelo ezixhaphakileyo kwi-organic chemistry kwaye zibhloko zokwakha iinkqubo ezininzi zoshishino. Ngokomzekelo, ii-ketones zisetyenziswa njenge-solvents, kwimveliso yamayeza kunye neepolymers. I-Esters, kwelinye icala, isetyenziswa kwishishini le-perfume kunye ne-cosmetic, njengeejenti zezinongo kwishishini lokutya, njengezinyibilikisi, kunye neepeyinti kunye neengubo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jun-14-2023
